Carl Gustav Carus
Carl Gustav Carus (3 January 1789 – 28 July 1869) was a German physiologist and painter, born at Leipzig. A friend of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, he was a many-sided man: a doctor, a naturalist, a scientist and a psychologist and an advocate of the theory that health of body and mind depends on the equipoise of antagonistic principles. A landscape painter, he had drawing lessons from Julius Diez and subsequently studied under Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld at the Oeser drawing academy. From 1814 to 1817 he taught himself oil painting working under Caspar David Friedrich, a Dresden landscape painter.
In 1811 he graduated as a doctor of medicine and a doctor of philosophy. In 1814 he was appointed professor of obstetrics and director of the maternity clinic at the teaching institution for medicine and surgery in Dresden. He wrote on art theory.
He is best known to scientists for originating the concept of the vertebrate archetype, a seminal idea in the development of Darwin's theory of evolution. In 1836, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Carl Jung credited Carus with pointing to the unconscious as the essential basis of the psyche.
Although various philosophers, among them Leibniz, Kant, and Schelling, had already pointed very clearly to the problem of the dark side of the psyche, it was a physician who felt impelled, from his scientific and medical experience, to point to the unconscious as the essential basis of the psyche. This was C. G. Carus,3 the authority whom Eduard von Hartmann followed (Jung, [1959] 1969: par. 259). Footnote 3 Psyche (1846).
Works
- Zoology, Entomology, Comparative anatomy, Evolution
- Lehrbuch der Zootomie (1818, 1834).
- Erläuterungstafeln zur vergleichenden Anatomie (1826–1855).
- Von den äusseren Lebensbedingungen der weiss- und kaltblütigen Tiere (1824).
- Über den Blutkreislauf der Insekten (1827).
- Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie (1828).
- Lehrbuch der Physiologie für Naturforscher und Aerzte (1838)- also medical
- Zwölf Briefe über das Erdleben (1841).
- Natur und Idee oder das Werdende und sein Gesetz. 1861.
- Medical
- Lehrbuch der Gynekologie (1820, 1838).
- Grundzüge einer neuen Kranioskopie (1841).
- System der Physiologie (1847–1849).
- Erfahrungsresultate aus ärztlichen Studien und ärztlichen Wirken (1859).
- Neuer Atlas der Kranioskopie (1864).
- Psychology, Metaphysics, Race, Physiognomy
- Vorlesungen über Psychologie (1831).
- Psyche; zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele (1846, 1851).
- Über Grund und Bedeutung der verschiedenen Formen der Hand in veschiedenen Personen (About the reason and significance of the various forms of hand in different persons)(1846).
- Physis. Zur Geschichte des leiblichen Lebens (1851).
Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Geburtstagsfeste Goethes. Über ungleiche Befähigung der verschiedenen Symbolik der menschlichen Gestalt (1852, 1858).
- Über Lebensmagnetismus und über die magischen Wirkungen überhaupt (1857).
- Über die typisch gewordenen Abbildungen menschlicher Kopfformen (1863).
- Goethe dessen seine Bedeutung für unsere und die kommende Zeit (1863).
- Lebenserinnerungen und Denkwürdigkeiten – 4 volumes (1865-1866).
- Vergleichende Psychologie oder Geschichte der Seele in der Reihenfolge der Tierwelt (1866).
- Art
- Briefe über Landschaftsmalerei. Zuvor ein Brief von Goethe als Einleitung (1819–1831).
- Die Lebenskunst nach den Inschriften des Tempels zu Delphi ( 1863).
- Betrachtungen und Gedanken vor auserwählten Bildern der Dresdener Galerie (1867).
References
- Jung, C.G. ([1959] 1969). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Collected Works, Volume 9i, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01833-2.
- Art History: Romanticism
This article incorporates text from the public domain 1907 edition of The Nuttall Encyclopædia.
Persondata |
Name |
Carus, Carl Gustav |
Alternative names |
|
Short description |
German philosopher, physician, painter |
Date of birth |
January 3, 1789 |
Place of birth |
Leipzig |
Date of death |
July 28, 1869 |
Place of death |
Dresden |